Digital currents/ How technology and the public are shaping tv news Rena Bivens

Acknowledgments Chapter 1: Digital Media, Cultural Shifts and Television News Production * The Public's Arrival * Focus of this Book * A Note on Causation: Technologies and Society * User-Generated Content and Citizen Journalism * Social Networking Services * Television News Organizations: The Hierarchical Structure * Canada versus the UK * General Path and Control Structure of a Television News Item * Bulletins, 24-hour News and Convergence * Structure of this Book Chapter 2: Constraining News Production: The View from the 20th Century * Evaluating the Literature * The Two Phases of Research: An Obsession with Constraints * Exposing the Social Construction of News * Planning Routines: Relevance of the News Diary * The Importance of Logistics * Society's Information Producers * The Reign of News Agencies * Pre-Packaged PR News * The Requirements of Objectivity and Impartiality * The Relationship between Objectivity and Sources * Official Sources and Production Routines * Internal and External Pressures * Policy, Routinized Meetings and Editorial Control * Incorporating External Pressure into Daily Practice * Ensuring Conformity within News Organizations * Complexities of the Broadcaster-State Relationship * Instances of Direct Government Intervention * Shared News Values * Images * Importance, Interest and Entertainment * Size, Proximity and Race * Immediacy * Considering the Audience * Summary Chapter 3: The Technology - Autonomy-Constraint Model * Description of the Model * Phases of News Production * Autonomy-Constraint Ratio * Analysis Using the TAC Model and Ratio * Low Autonomy-Constraint Ratio: Transmission Phase - Television * Balanced Autonomy-Constraint Ratio: Transmission Phase - Digital Media * Balanced Autonomy-Constraint Ratio: Intake/Selection and Assignment Phase * Balanced Autonomy-Constraint Ratio: Storywriting Phase * High Autonomy-Constraint Ratio: Newsgathering Phase * Summary Chapter 4: Intake Phase - Information Producers and News Flow * Established Actors * News Agencies * Other News Organizations * Official Sources and the Public Relations Industry * News Bureaus * Unconventional Actors * News Flow Patterns * Development of Public News Production * Social Media * Breaking News * Organizational Changes * Credibility and the 'Bloggers versus Journalists' Debate * Summary Chapter 5: Selection and Assignment Phase * Executive Producers and the Assignment Relationship * General Assignment Reporters * Beat Reporters: The Parliamentary Correspondent * Foreign Correspondents * Investigative Journalism * Digital News Agency Feeds and Social Networking * Inside the Editorial Conference * Institution-Driven News * Creating Themes and Adding the Personal Element * Subjectivity * Line-up * Retaining Flexibility * News Values * Images: UGC, Social Media and Digital Graphics * Interest and Importance * Proximity * Immediacy and Being First * Complicating Factors: Online News, Social Media and Conglomeration * Speed versus Accuracy * Immediacy and Being Live * Summary Chapter 6: Newsgathering, Storywriting and Transmission Phases * Issues of Control * Implicit versus Explicit Control * Editorial Control * Presenters * Packages * Lives * J-Blogging * Social Networking Services * Language * Top-Down Control * Selecting Sources, Challenging Officials and Maintaining Balance * Digital Media and Newsgathering * Research * Locating Sources * Resistance versus the New Cohort * Newsroom Technologies and Storywriting * Non-Linear Editing * Server Technology * Speed and Cost * Improved Workflow * Archival Material * Transmission and Immediacy * Transmitting from the Field * Critiques of Live Coverage * Social Networking Services * Summary Chapter 7: External Pressures - Audiences, Governments and PR * Audiences * Judging Audience Needs * Linking Immediacy to Audience Expectations * Interactivity * Complaints * Campaigns, Evidence and Blogs * Exposuregates and Retaining Credibility * Government and PR Pressures * Public Relations: The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict * Resisting Pressure * Lack of Context and History * Time Constraints and the Nature of Television * Audience Attention Spans * Top-Down Pressure * Solutions: Go Online? * Summary Chapter 8: Making News: Power, Journalists and the Public Appendix: List of Interviews References