The affirmative action puzzle : a living history from reconstruction to today / Melvin I. Urofsky.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Affirmative action before Kennedy -- Kennedy and Johnson -- Affirmative action spreads-and mutates -- Nixon and the Philadelphia plan -- Prejudice persists, affirmative action grows -- Marco Defunis, Allan Bakke, and Brian Weber -- Changing academia -- Backlash and defense -- Blacks and Jews divide -- Women and affirmative action -- The Reagan presidency -- The Court changes its mind -- Mend it, don't end it-or not -- Prop 209 -- Affirmative action and elections -- Seeking diversity in higher education -- Women and affirmative action II -- Other groups, here and abroad -- Bush, Obama, and Fisher -- Yes...and no...and Trump.

Melvin Urofsky explores affirmative action in relation to sex, gender, and education and shows that nearly every public university in the country has at one time or another instituted some form of affirmative action plan-some successful, others not. Urofsky traces the evolution of affirmative action through labor and the struggle for racial equality, writing of World War I and the exodus that began when some six milƯlion African Americans moved northward between 1910 and 1960, one of the greatest internal migrations in the country's history. He describes how Harry Truman, after becoming president in 1945, fought for Roosevelt's Fair Employment Practice Act and, surprising everyone, appointed a distinguished panel to serve as the President's Commission on Civil Rights, as well as appointing the first Black judge on a federal appeals court in 1948 and, by executive order later that year, ordering full racial integration in the armed forces. In this important, ambitious, far-reaching book, Urofsky writes about the affirmative action cases decided by the Supreme Court: cases that either upheld or struck down particular plans that affected both governmental and private entities. We come to fully understand the societal impact of affirmative action: how and why it has helped, and inflamed, people of all walks of life; how it has evolved; and how, and why, it is still needed.